GDB loses significant functionality when debugging binaries that lack debugging symbols (also known as “stripped binaries”). Function and variable names become meaningless addresses; setting breakpoints requires tracking down relevant function addresses from an external source; and printing out structured values involves staring at a memory dump trying to manually discern field boundaries. […]

(Would you get up and throw it away?) [sing to the tune of The Beatles – With A Little Help From My Friends] Here’s a riddle: when new GPUs are constantly being produced, product cycles are ~18-24 months long, and each cycle doubles GPU power (per Huang’s Law), what […]

Today we’re going to provision some cloud infrastructure the Max Power way: by combining automation with unchecked AI output. Unfortunately, this method produces cloud infrastructure code that 1) works and 2) has terrible security properties. In a nutshell, AI-based tools like Claude and ChatGPT readily provide extremely bad cloud infrastructure provisioning code, […]

Among the cryptographic missteps we see at Trail of Bits, “let’s build our own tool out of a hash function” is one of the most common. Clients have a problem along the lines of “we need to hash a bunch of different values together” or “we need a MAC” or “we need […]

Earlier this week, NIST officially announced three standards specifying FIPS-approved algorithms for post-quantum cryptography. The Stateless Hash-Based Digital Signature Algorithm (SLH-DSA) is one of these standardized algorithms. The Trail of Bits cryptography team has been anticipating this announcement, and we are excited to share an announcement of our own: we built an […]

Trail of Bits has qualified for the final round of DARPA’s AI Cyber Challenge (AIxCC)! Our Cyber Reasoning System, Buttercup, placed in the top 7 out of 39 teams competing in the semifinal round held at DEF CON 2024. Competition Overview The AIxCC semifinal featured a series of challenges based on real-world software, including nginx, […]

With DARPA’s AI Cyber Challenge (AIxCC) semifinal starting today at DEF CON 2024, we want to introduce Buttercup, our AIxCC submission. Buttercup is a Cyber Reasoning System (CRS) that combines conventional cybersecurity techniques like fuzzing and static analysis with AI and machine learning to find and fix software vulnerabilities. The system is designed to operate […]

This post, the second in our series on cryptography in the cloud, provides an overview of the cloud cryptography services offered within Google Cloud Platform (GCP): when to use them, when not to use them, and important usage considerations. Stay tuned for future posts covering other cloud services. At Trail of Bits, […]

This is a joint post with the Homebrew maintainers; read their announcement here! Last summer, we performed an audit of Homebrew. Our audit’s scope included Homebrew/brew itself (home of the brew CLI), and three adjacent repositories responsible for various security-relevant aspects of Homebrew’s operation: Homebrew/actions: a repository of custom GitHub Actions used […]

Cryptography is a fundamental part of electronics and the internet that helps secure credit cards, cell phones, web browsing (fingers crossed you’re using TLS!), and even top-secret military data. Cryptography is just as essential in the blockchain space, with blockchains like Ethereum depending on hashes, Merkle trees, and ECDSA signatures, among other […]

Today, AES-GCM is one of two cipher modes used by TLS 1.3 (the other being ChaCha20-Poly1305) and the preferred method for encrypting data in FIPS-validated modules. But despite its overwhelming success, AES-GCM has been the root cause of some catastrophic failures: for example, Hanno Böck and Sean Devlin exploited nonce misuse to […]

Trail of Bits has been recognized as a leader in cybersecurity consulting services according to The Forrester Wave™: Cybersecurity Consulting Services, Q2 2024. In this evaluation, we were compared against 14 other top vendors and emerged as a leader for our services. Read the report on our website. What is the Forrester Wave™? Forrester is […]

Today, we present the second of our open-source AI security audits: a look at security issues we found in an open-source retrieval augmented generation (RAG) application that could lead to chatbot output poisoning, inaccurate document ingestion, and potential denial of service. This audit follows up on our previous work that identified 11 security vulnerabilities in […]

You might be hearing a lot about post-quantum (PQ) cryptography lately, and it’s easy to wonder why it’s such a big deal when nobody has actually seen a quantum computer. But even if a quantum computer is never built, new PQ standards are safer, more resilient, and more flexible than their classical […]

The Fiat-Shamir transform is an important building block in zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) and multi-party computation (MPC). It allows zero-knowledge proofs based on interactive protocols to be made non-interactive. Essentially, it turns conversations into documents. This ability is at the core of powerful technologies like SNARKs and STARKs. Useful stuff! But the Fiat-Shamir […]